Historical Background

The origins of Manchester can be traced back to the establishment of a Roman camp called Mamucium in 79 AD, the remnants of which can still be seen at Castlefield. While the fort was maintained and developed by the Saxons, it was not until 1301 and the grant of the charter that the town, in a modern sense, began to develop.

It was undoubtedly wool that transformed Manchester into one of England's leading industrial giants. In the early 18th century, there was an enormous upsurge in both international trade and technological development dependent on the city's textile industry. This growth was facilitated by the invention of Hargreave's Spinning Jenny and Crompton's Spinning Mule during the last half of the century. Manchester was rapidly becoming a hub of the Industrial Revolution.

The 19th century was a period of unparalleled growth and cultural endeavors. The Manchester Guardian was first published in 1821, and 1830 saw the opening of the world's first passenger railway. The Co-operative Wholesale Society was formed in 1863 and in 1887 work on the Manchester Ship Canal began. By the end of the 20th century, the textile industry fell into decline, but its legacy has formed the bustling, vibrant city we know today.

Many things that are fundamental to the social and economic history of England occurred in Manchester during the 20th century. In 1903 Emmaline Pankurst created the Women's Social and Political Union. 1919 saw Ernest Rutherford first split the atom and in 1948 the world's first stored-program computer was developed.

Manchester can boast arguably the biggest football team in the world: Manchester United FC. Music is also hugely influential, from the famous Halle Orchestra (formed in 1857) to bands like Joy Division, New Order and the Smiths.

1996 saw a huge IRA bomb devastate much of the City Centre and the subsequent financial aid and support has helped to remold it as a confident, modern, cultural center. Many prestigious developments such as the Bridgewater Hall, Exchange Square and the re-development of Salford Quays and the Castlefield Basin have created an appealing new environment.

In the new millennium, Manchester can look forward to the future with pride and optimism.

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