São Paulo
Historical Background
At the beginning of the 16th century, Brazil had only just been discovered by the Portuguese, and the area atop the Serra do Mar mountain range in the south-east of the country, now occupied by São Paulo, was inhabited exclusively by the indigenous Guaianás. The first Caucasian man to settle there was the Portuguese sailor João Ramalho, stranded by a shipwreck on the São Paulo coastline in 1510. Ramalho married Portira (or Bartira), the daughter of the local chieftain Tibiriçá, and the couple soon started a family. In 1532, João Ramalho helped Lord Martin Afonso de Souza, commander of the first Portuguese colonial expedition to Brazil, to establish the Piratininga village in the upland region; in 1553 the village was renamed Santo André da Borda do Campo.The main goal of the Jesuit priests who accompanied the first Portuguese colonists in the 16th century was to convert the local indigenous inhabitants to Christianity. In 1553, the senior Jesuit in Brazil, Manuel da Nóbrega, drew up an ambitious plan to reach the banks of the Paraná river and convert the Carijós inhabitants. For this he needed an inland base, so São Vicente (the future state of São Paulo) was chosen to harbour the priests as they prepared to initiate the conversion process. On January 24th, 1554, a group of 13 clerics under the command of José de Anchieta, began to build a settlement on the banks of the Tamanduateí river, next to the Vale do Anhangabaú (now the centre of São Paulo). The name chosen for this place at the time was the “Colégio São Paulo," and from that humble beginning, the largest city in South America, and one of the biggest in the world, slowly grew.
In 1560, the inhabitants of the settlement of Santo André da Borda do Campo were ordered to move to the Colégio São Paulo. They were sent there to help ward off a possible attack by the indigenous Tamoios, then allies of the French, who had just invaded Rio de Janeiro. Santo André da Borda do Campo was abandoned, and the Colégio São Paulo practically converted overnight from a village into a town. It was a poor town, however, until the 18th century. Remote and relatively untouched by developments taking place in the rest of the colony, the small population survived on subsistence farming.
During those early years, many expeditions set off from São Paulo into the Brazilian heartland in search of gold and precious stones, and to capture and enslave more native inhabitants. These expeditions were called entradas e bandeiras (entrances and flags). However, when gold was found in the State of Minas Gerais, the Portuguese Crown suddenly took a keen interest in the colony, purchased the capitania (governorship) of São Vicente, and handed it to the descendants of its first colonial owners. Henceforth, the region was called the Capitania de São Paulo e Minas Gerais; the power-centre of the region was established in the town of São Paulo.
In 1711, the town was awarded city status. The gold rush in Minas Gerais, very similar to that which was to take place in California some years later, brought money to the São Paulo region for the first time. In the second half of the 18th century, the first processing plants for sugarcane production were built. Due to the turmoil in Europe caused by the Napoleonic wars, the Portuguese Royal family were obliged to move to Brazil in 1808. After their arrival, and several constitutional and political crises later, the Prince Regent D. Pedro I proclaimed Brazil's independence from Portugal. The event took place in 1822, on the banks of the Ipiranga River in São Paulo. According to French naturalist Saint-Hilaire, who was visiting the city at the time, São Paulo had more than 4,000 houses and a population of around 25,000 people. However, urbanisation of the city proper did not really take off until the 1870s, stimulated by the huge industrial growth that had taken place in the first half of the 19th century partly due to the enormous profits generated by coffee production.
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